As the Kulturkampf ("cultural struggle") with the Catholic Church escalated in the early 1870s, Bismarck, supported by anticlerical liberals, passed a series of laws against what he regarded....
Control over education was an issue hotly contested by the Prussian government and the Catholic Church during the “cultural struggle” known as the Kulturkampf. The Prussian School Inspection....
The term Kulturkampf (“cultural struggle”) was coined by the German pathologist and liberal politician Rudolf....
Generally, the liberals were a driving force behind Bismarck's efforts to restrict Catholic influence in state affairs. However, the following letter by Karl Biedermann (1812-1901), a former 1848er....
The anti-church legislation passed by the German national and state governments led to the further politicization of Catholics and their organization in various associations. Though stressing patriotic....
On February 20, 1878, Pope Leo XIII (1810-1903) succeeded Pius IX (1792-1878). The new Pope’s policy toward Germany was more conciliatory than his predecessor’s and contributed to the de-escalation....
Bismarck’s Kulturkampf (“cultural struggle”) against the Catholic Church included – and at times appeared driven by – a determined effort to undermine Polish nationalism in Prussia’s eastern....
On May 31, 1869, a new electoral law for the North German Reichstag was passed. It introduced universal, equal, direct, and secret suffrage for all male residents. This law, in fact, endorsed voting....
The Social Democrats, who were pacifists on principle and opponents of the annexation of foreign territory, rejected Bismarck's plans to incorporate Alsace-Lorraine during the Franco-Prussian War....
After two assassination attempts were made on Kaiser Wilhelm I in May and June....